Spanish Grammar

Master 27 letters, 5 vowel sounds, and key pronunciation rules that differ from English

Discover 4 simple rules that determine where stress falls in any Spanish word

Follow the Subject-Verb-Object pattern and learn flexible word order rules

Every noun is el (masculine) or la (feminine) - learn the patterns

Discover noun pairs where the article changes meaning: el capital vs la capital, el cura vs la cura

Form plurals with -s, -es, and -z→-ces transformations

The complete guide to el, la, los, las, un, una and their uses

Match adjectives to nouns: hombre alto, mujer alta, niños altos

Show ownership: mi libro (my book), tu casa (your house), sus amigos (their friends)

Learn yo, tú, él, ella, nosotros, vosotros, ellos - when to use and when to drop them

Master 3 simple patterns: -ar (hablo, hablas), -er (como, comes), -ir (vivo, vives)

Conquer the top 12 irregular verbs: ser, estar, tener, hacer, ir, venir, and more

A1 Essentials: Ser for who you are (soy Juan), Estar for where you are (estoy aquí)

Master "no" + double negatives: no quiero nada (I don't want anything)

Form questions: ¿Cómo estás? Use ¿...? marks and master 6 key question words

Interrogative pronouns (qué, quién, cuál) and adverbs (dónde, cuándo, cómo, por qué)

Master en, a, de, con, sin + location (sobre, entre, delante de) + time (desde, hasta, durante) + al/del contractions

Point things out: este libro (this book), esa casa (that house), aquellos días (those days)

Learn the three-way distance system: este (near), ese (near listener), aquel (far)

Express plans: voy a comer (I'm going to eat) - easier than simple future

Express likes with me gusta/gustan, te gusta/gustan, le gusta/gustan

Daily routines with me/te/se: levantarse, ducharse, llamarse

Discover how adding "se" transforms verbs like ir/irse, dormir/dormirse, acordar/acordarse

Master 40 essential reflexive verbs: levantarse, ducharse, llamarse, sentirse, divertirse, and more

Express time with "son las" and dates with cardinal numbers

Learn when Spanish differs from English: no capitals for days, months, or nationalities

Type ñ, ü, and accented vowels quickly using keyboard shortcuts on any device

How often/much: siempre (always), nunca (never), mucho (a lot), poco (little), muy (very)

Express existence: hay (there is/are), había (there was/were), habrá (there will be)

Compare deber, tener que, and haber que: levels of obligation, personal vs impersonal

Cardinal vs ordinal: uno/dos/tres (counting) vs primero/segundo/tercero (ordering) with agreement rules

Full mastery: DOCTOR/PLACE rules, emotions, ser aburrido vs estar aburrido, and more

Master adjectives that change meaning with ser vs estar: listo, rico, aburrido, bueno, malo

Learn "boot patterns": querer→quiero, poder→puedo, pedir→pido in 4 persons

Form with estar + gerund: estoy comiendo, estás durmiendo, está leyendo

Avoid repetition: lo veo (I see him/it), la compro (I buy it), los tengo (I have them)

To/for someone: le doy (I give to him/her), les escribo (I write to them)

Replace nouns with mine/yours: el mío (mine), la tuya (yours), los suyos (theirs)

Compare things: más alto que (taller than), el más alto (the tallest), tan alto como (as tall as)

Create adverbs: rápido → rápidamente (quickly), fácil → fácilmente (easily)

Commands overview: tú (habla), usted (hable), ustedes (hablen), vosotros (hablad), nosotros (hablemos)

Informal commands: habla/no hables, come/no comas, ven/no vengas

Completed actions: hablé (I spoke), comí (I ate), viví (I lived) + irregulars

Ongoing/habitual past: hablaba (used to speak), comía (was eating) + 3 irregulars

Verb patterns: querer hacer, empezar a hacer, terminar de hacer, pensar en hacer

Express indefinites: algún libro (some book), algo de dinero (some money), nadie vino (nobody came)

Connect ideas: la persona que vino (the person who came), cuyo libro (whose book)

All about "all": todo el día, todos los días, todo lo que, del todo, sobre todo

Use "a" before people and pets as direct objects: "Veo a María"

Preterite for completed events, imperfect for background/habits - with decision tree

Learn how conocer, saber, querer, poder, and tener take on different meanings in the preterite

He hablado (I have spoken), había comido (I had eaten) - learn haber conjugations

Por (through/by/for duration) vs para (for/to/by deadline) - 8 key differences

Master por vs para through practical travel, work, shopping & daily life scenarios

Discover how prepositions transform verbs: pensar vs pensar en, acabar vs acabar de

Hablaré, comerás, vivirá - add endings to infinitive + 12 irregular stems

Would/could/should patterns: hablaría (I would speak), me gustaría (I would like)

Learn when to use tener frío vs hacer frío vs dar frío and other essential expressions

Doubt/emotion/wishes: que tengas suerte, espero que vengas, no creo que sea verdad

Two pronouns: se lo doy (I give it to him/her) - order matters

Formal commands: hable/no hable (usted), hablen/no hablen (ustedes) - both use subjunctive

Connect ideas: y (and), o (or), pero (but), sino (but rather), ni...ni (neither...nor)

Link clauses: que (that), porque (because), aunque (although), cuando (when), si (if), para que (so that)

Comprehensive reference list of 120+ Spanish subjunctive triggers organised by category

Spain informal plural: hablad/no habléis, comed/no comáis (drop final -r, add -d)

Let's expressions: hablemos (let's speak), no hablemos (let's not speak), vamos a hablar

Attach pronouns to infinitives/gerunds or place before conjugated verbs

When certainty changes everything: creo que ES vs no creo que SEA

Past hypotheticals: si tuviera dinero (if I had money), como si fuera (as if it were)

Master advanced subjunctive triggers beyond WEIRDO with practical phrases and expressions

If-then logic: Type 1 (si llueve, iré), Type 2 (si tuviera, compraría), Type 3 (si hubiera sabido, habría ido)

Quisiera vs querría: when both work, when only conditional, when only imperfect subjunctive

Report speech: dijo que venía (he said he was coming), preguntó si había llegado

Emphasise action: el libro fue escrito (the book was written) - ser + past participle

General statements: se trabaja mucho (people work hard), se vive bien (one lives well)

Express accidents with "se + indirect object + verb": "Se me cayó el vaso"

Choose your level: tú (informal) vs usted (formal) - when and how to switch

Make things happen: hacer trabajar (make work), dejar salir (let leave), mandar callar (order to be quiet)

Express like natives: acabar de (just did), volver a (do again), tener ganas de (feel like)

The neuter article: lo bueno (the good thing), lo difícil (the difficult part)

Actions completed before a future point: "Para mañana habré terminado" (By tomorrow I will have finished)

Express regret and hypotheticals: "habría ido" (I would have gone), "habrías entendido" (you would have understood)

Completed actions with subjunctive: "espero que hayas llegado" (I hope you've arrived), "dudo que hayan terminado" (I doubt they've finished)

Third conditionals and past wishes: "si hubiera sabido, habría venido" (if I had known, I would have come), "ojalá hubiera estudiado" (I wish I had studied)

Tense harmony: main clause determines subordinate clause tense sequences

Spain regions: Andalusian -s dropping, Catalan influences, Galician grammar patterns

Spain informalities: ¿a que no? (bet you don't), ¿qué tal? (how about?), vale (OK)