What are cognates?

Cognates are words in different languages that share the same origin and have similar meanings and spellings. Spanish and English share thousands of cognates because Spanish comes from Latin and English borrowed heavily from it.

The patterns are predictable. Once you know them, you can recognise thousands of Spanish words on sight and guess many more, though you still need to check the gender, the stress and the odd false friend.

  • nationnación
  • universityuniversidad
  • famousfamoso/a
  • normalnormal

All cognate patterns at a glance

Pick a pattern to see its words, with audio.

English endingSpanish endingWordsExample
-tion-ción500+nation → nación
-ty-dad300+university → universidad
-ous-oso200+famous → famoso/a
-al-al250+normal → normal
-ble-ble150+possible → posible
-ent-ente180+different → diferente
-ant-ante120+important → importante
-ly-mente400+normally → normalmente
-ism-ismo100+tourism → turismo
-ist-ista90+artist → artista
-ive-ivo140+active → activo/a
-ary-ario80+necessary → necesario/a

The patterns, word by word

-tion → -ción500+ words

Words ending in -tion in English become -ción in Spanish.

Note: These words are almost always feminine (la nación, la información)

  • nationnación
  • actionacción
  • informationinformación
  • educationeducación
  • stationestación
  • attentionatención
  • solutionsolución
  • revolutionrevolución
  • traditiontradición
  • emotionemoción
  • protectionprotección
  • populationpoblación
  • directiondirección
  • creationcreación
  • situationsituación
  • operationoperación
  • celebrationcelebración
  • conversationconversación
  • communicationcomunicación
  • cooperationcooperación
  • decorationdecoración
  • determinationdeterminación
  • discussiondiscusión
  • exhibitionexhibición
  • explorationexploración
  • explanationexplicación
  • generationgeneración
  • imaginationimaginación
  • invitationinvitación
  • nutritionnutrición
  • organisationorganización
  • positionposición
  • relationrelación
  • preparationpreparación

Watch out: these don't follow the pattern

  • destinationdestino
-ty → -dad / -tad300+ words

Words ending in -ty in English become -dad or -tad in Spanish.

Note: These words are always feminine (la universidad, la libertad)

  • universityuniversidad
  • cityciudad
  • libertylibertad
  • qualitycalidad
  • realityrealidad
  • societysociedad
  • communitycomunidad
  • identityidentidad
  • activityactividad
  • securityseguridad
  • quantitycantidad
  • possibilityposibilidad
  • difficultydificultad
  • personalitypersonalidad
  • electricityelectricidad
  • nationalitynacionalidad
  • curiositycuriosidad
  • priorityprioridad
  • authorityautoridad
  • capacitycapacidad
  • charitycaridad
  • clarityclaridad
  • complexitycomplejidad
  • diversitydiversidad
  • eternityeternidad
  • facilityfacilidad
  • humanityhumanidad
  • intensityintensidad
  • localitylocalidad
  • necessitynecesidad
  • obesityobesidad
  • opportunityoportunidad
  • popularitypopularidad

Watch out: these don't follow the pattern

  • majoritymayoría
  • minorityminoría
-ous → -oso / -osa200+ words

Words ending in -ous in English become -oso (masculine) or -osa (feminine) in Spanish.

Note: These are adjectives that must agree in gender (-o for masculine, -a for feminine)

  • famousfamoso/a
  • deliciousdelicioso/a
  • nervousnervioso/a
  • generousgeneroso/a
  • curiouscurioso/a
  • furiousfurioso/a
  • preciousprecioso/a
  • religiousreligioso/a
  • dangerouspeligroso/a
  • gloriousglorioso/a
  • mysteriousmisterioso/a
  • ambitiousambicioso/a
  • anxiousansioso/a
  • cautiouscauteloso/a
  • contagiouscontagioso/a
  • enviousenvidioso/a
  • harmoniousarmonioso/a
  • luxuriouslujoso/a
  • melodiousmelodioso/a
  • monstrousmonstruoso/a
  • mountainousmontañoso/a
  • porousporoso/a
  • rigorousriguroso/a
  • spaciousespacioso/a
  • studiousestudioso/a
  • tedioustedioso/a
  • victoriousvictorioso/a
  • vigorousvigoroso/a

Watch out: these don't follow the pattern

  • graciouscortés
  • nutritiousnutritivo/a
  • obviousobvio/a
  • previousprevio/a
  • ridiculousridículo/a
  • tremendoustremendo/a
  • variousvarios/as
-al → -al250+ words

Words ending in -al are often identical in both languages.

Note: Watch for minor spelling differences (like "especial" vs "special")

  • normalnormal
  • animalanimal
  • naturalnatural
  • specialespecial
  • internationalinternacional
  • nationalnacional
  • personalpersonal
  • centralcentral
  • locallocal
  • generalgeneral
  • musicalmusical
  • finalfinal
  • regionalregional
  • culturalcultural
  • traditionaltradicional
  • emotionalemocional
  • brutalbrutal
  • capitalcapital
  • casualcasual
  • colonialcolonial
  • commercialcomercial
  • criminalcriminal
  • digitaldigital
  • fatalfatal
  • festivalfestival
  • formalformal
  • horizontalhorizontal
  • hospitalhospital
  • illegalilegal
  • imperialimperial
  • industrialindustrial
  • legallegal
  • liberalliberal
  • materialmaterial
  • mentalmental
-ble → -ble150+ words

Words ending in -ble are usually identical or very similar.

Note: Some words like "comfortable" have completely different forms (cómodo)

  • possibleposible
  • impossibleimposible
  • incredibleincreíble
  • terribleterrible
  • horriblehorrible
  • responsibleresponsable
  • probableprobable
  • visiblevisible
  • flexibleflexible
  • acceptableaceptable
  • accessibleaccesible
  • adorableadorable
  • agreeableagradable
  • compatiblecompatible
  • considerableconsiderable
  • convertibleconvertible
  • crediblecreíble
  • desirabledeseable
  • disposabledesechable
  • durabledurable
  • ediblecomestible
  • favourablefavorable
  • formidableformidable
  • indispensableindispensable
  • inimitableinimitable
  • legiblelegible
  • memorablememorable
  • notablenotable
  • reasonablerazonable
  • reversiblereversible

Watch out: these don't follow the pattern

  • comfortablecómodo
  • capablecapaz
  • portableportátil
  • sensiblesensato/a
  • valuablevalioso
-ent → -ente180+ words

Words ending in -ent in English become -ente in Spanish.

Note: These can be adjectives or nouns. Some exceptions like "ancient" = "antiguo"

  • differentdiferente
  • urgenturgente
  • presentpresente
  • recentreciente
  • intelligentinteligente
  • evidentevidente
  • excellentexcelente
  • patientpaciente
  • continentcontinente
  • frequentfrecuente
  • absentausente
  • accidentaccidente
  • adolescentadolescente
  • agentagente
  • ardentardiente
  • clientcliente
  • coherentcoherente
  • competentcompetente
  • componentcomponente
  • consistentconsistente
  • convenientconveniente
  • currentcorriente
  • decentdecente
  • deficientdeficiente
  • dependentdependiente
  • efficienteficiente
  • equivalentequivalente
  • fluorescentfluorescente
  • imminentinminente
  • incidentincidente
  • independentindependiente
  • ingredientingrediente
  • innocentinocente
  • permanentpermanente

Watch out: these don't follow the pattern

  • ancientantiguo
-ant → -ante120+ words

Words ending in -ant in English become -ante in Spanish.

Note: Watch for false friends like "pregnant" which is "embarazada" not "pregnante"

  • importantimportante
  • elegantelegante
  • restaurantrestaurante
  • distantdistante
  • instantinstante
  • abundantabundante
  • arrogantarrogante
  • brilliantbrillante
  • constantconstante
  • dominantdominante
  • elephantelefante
  • extravagantextravagante
  • fragrantfragante
  • giantgigante
  • ignorantignorante
  • immigrantinmigrante
  • intolerantintolerante
  • militantmilitante
  • mutantmutante
  • participantparticipante
  • redundantredundante
  • relevantrelevante
  • stimulantestimulante
  • toleranttolerante
  • triumphanttriunfante
  • vacantvacante
  • variantvariante
  • vibrantvibrante
  • vigilantvigilante

Watch out: these don't follow the pattern

  • pleasantplacentero
  • pregnantembarazada
  • reluctantreacio
  • significantsignificativo
-ly → -mente400+ words

Adverbs ending in -ly in English become -mente in Spanish.

Note: Form these by taking the feminine adjective and adding -mente (e.g., rápida → rápidamente)

  • normallynormalmente
  • completelycompletamente
  • totallytotalmente
  • perfectlyperfectamente
  • reallyrealmente
  • absolutelyabsolutamente
  • finallyfinalmente
  • exactlyexactamente
  • obviouslyobviamente
  • personallypersonalmente
  • currentlyactualmente
  • apparentlyaparentemente
  • basicallybásicamente
  • certainlyciertamente
  • clearlyclaramente
  • constantlyconstantemente
  • correctlycorrectamente
  • definitelydefinitivamente
  • directlydirectamente
  • easilyfácilmente
  • effectivelyefectivamente
  • especiallyespecialmente
  • essentiallyesencialmente
  • eventuallyfinalmente
  • evidentlyevidentemente
  • extremelyextremadamente
  • fortunatelyafortunadamente
  • frequentlyfrecuentemente
  • generallygeneralmente
  • honestlyhonestamente
  • immediatelyinmediatamente
  • incrediblyincreíblemente
  • naturallynaturalmente
  • particularlyparticularmente
  • probablyprobablemente
-ism → -ismo100+ words

Words ending in -ism in English become -ismo in Spanish.

Note: These are all masculine nouns (el turismo, el capitalismo)

  • tourismturismo
  • capitalismcapitalismo
  • optimismoptimismo
  • pessimismpesimismo
  • realismrealismo
  • romanticismromanticismo
  • journalismperiodismo
  • socialismsocialismo
  • alcoholismalcoholismo
  • Buddhismbudismo
  • communismcomunismo
  • cynicismcinismo
  • despotismdespotismo
  • euphemismeufemismo
  • extremismextremismo
  • fanaticismfanatismo
  • fascismfascismo
  • feminismfeminismo
  • humanismhumanismo
  • idealismidealismo
  • imperialismimperialismo
  • individualismindividualismo
  • liberalismliberalismo
  • magnetismmagnetismo
  • materialismmaterialismo
  • mechanismmecanismo
  • modernismmodernismo
  • nationalismnacionalismo
  • organismorganismo
  • patriotismpatriotismo

Watch out: these don't follow the pattern

  • atheismateísmo
  • criticismcrítica
  • egoismegoísmo
  • heroismheroísmo
  • plagiarismplagio
-ist → -ista90+ words

Words ending in -ist in English become -ista in Spanish.

Note: These words can be masculine or feminine depending on the person (el/la artista)

  • artistartista
  • dentistdentista
  • touristturista
  • pianistpianista
  • journalistperiodista
  • capitalistcapitalista
  • socialistsocialista
  • activistactivista
  • anarchistanarquista
  • antagonistantagonista
  • Buddhistbudista
  • communistcomunista
  • conformistconformista
  • cyclistciclista
  • extremistextremista
  • fascistfascista
  • feministfeminista
  • fundamentalistfundamentalista
  • guitaristguitarrista
  • humanisthumanista
  • idealistidealista
  • imperialistimperialista
  • individualistindividualista
  • machinistmaquinista
  • materialistmaterialista
  • modernistmodernista
  • motoristautomovilista
  • nationalistnacionalista
  • naturalistnaturalista
  • novelistnovelista
  • optimistoptimista
  • pessimistpesimista

Watch out: these don't follow the pattern

  • atheistateo/a
  • egoistegoísta
  • enthusiastentusiasta
-ive → -ivo / -iva140+ words

Words ending in -ive in English become -ivo or -iva in Spanish.

Note: Watch for exceptions like "expensive" = "caro" not "expensivo"

  • activeactivo/a
  • negativenegativo/a
  • positivepositivo/a
  • attractiveatractivo/a
  • creativecreativo/a
  • defensivedefensivo/a
  • offensiveofensivo/a
  • excessiveexcesivo/a
  • productiveproductivo/a
  • progressiveprogresivo/a
  • aggressiveagresivo/a
  • alternativealternativo/a
  • collectivecolectivo/a
  • comparativecomparativo/a
  • competitivecompetitivo/a
  • comprehensiveexhaustivo/a
  • constructiveconstructivo/a
  • cooperativecooperativo/a
  • decorativedecorativo/a
  • destructivedestructivo/a
  • distinctivedistintivo/a
  • effectiveefectivo/a
  • exclusiveexclusivo/a
  • executiveejecutivo/a
  • explosiveexplosivo/a
  • extensiveextensivo/a
  • imaginativeimaginativo/a
  • inclusiveinclusivo/a
  • informativeinformativo/a
  • intensiveintensivo/a
  • massivemasivo/a
  • objectiveobjetivo/a

Watch out: these don't follow the pattern

  • conservativeconservador/a
  • expensivecaro/a
  • impressiveimpresionante
-ary → -ario / -aria80+ words

Words ending in -ary in English become -ario or -aria in Spanish.

Note: Watch for false friends like "library" = "biblioteca" not "librería"

  • necessarynecesario/a
  • ordinaryordinario/a
  • contrarycontrario/a
  • voluntaryvoluntario/a
  • primaryprimario/a
  • secondarysecundario/a
  • dictionarydiccionario
  • salarysalario
  • vocabularyvocabulario
  • adversaryadversario
  • anniversaryaniversario
  • arbitraryarbitrario/a
  • commentarycomentario
  • extraordinaryextraordinario/a
  • honoraryhonorario/a
  • imaginaryimaginario/a
  • inventoryinventario
  • legendarylegendario/a
  • literaryliterario/a
  • monetarymonetario/a
  • revolutionaryrevolucionario/a
  • sanctuarysantuario
  • secretarysecretario/a
  • solitarysolitario/a

Watch out: these don't follow the pattern

  • librarybiblioteca
  • auxiliaryauxiliar
  • boundaryfrontera
  • contemporarycontemporáneo/a
  • customaryacostumbrado/a
  • elementaryelemental
  • militarymilitar
  • missionarymisionero/a
  • preliminarypreliminar
  • summaryresumen
  • temporarytemporal

Tips for using cognates

  1. Start with what you know

    When speaking, think of the English word first, then apply the pattern transformation.

  2. Watch for false friends

    "Embarazada" means "pregnant" not "embarrassed". "Actual" means "current" not "actual".

  3. Mind the gender

    Most -ción and -dad words are feminine (la). Most -ismo words are masculine (el). See gender of nouns.

  4. Practise pronunciation

    Spelling is similar but pronunciation differs. Use the audio buttons to hear correct Spanish.

  5. Combine patterns

    "Internationally" becomes "internacionalmente" using both the -al and -ly patterns (more on -mente in adverb formation).