What are cognates?
Cognates are words in different languages that share the same origin and have similar meanings and spellings. Spanish and English share thousands of cognates because Spanish comes from Latin and English borrowed heavily from it.
The patterns are predictable. Once you know them, you can recognise thousands of Spanish words on sight and guess many more, though you still need to check the gender, the stress and the odd false friend.
- nationnación
- universityuniversidad
- famousfamoso/a
- normalnormal
All cognate patterns at a glance
Pick a pattern to see its words, with audio.
| English ending | Spanish ending | Words | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| -tion | -ción | 500+ | nation → nación |
| -ty | -dad | 300+ | university → universidad |
| -ous | -oso | 200+ | famous → famoso/a |
| -al | -al | 250+ | normal → normal |
| -ble | -ble | 150+ | possible → posible |
| -ent | -ente | 180+ | different → diferente |
| -ant | -ante | 120+ | important → importante |
| -ly | -mente | 400+ | normally → normalmente |
| -ism | -ismo | 100+ | tourism → turismo |
| -ist | -ista | 90+ | artist → artista |
| -ive | -ivo | 140+ | active → activo/a |
| -ary | -ario | 80+ | necessary → necesario/a |
The patterns, word by word
-tion → -ción500+ words
Words ending in -tion in English become -ción in Spanish.
Note: These words are almost always feminine (la nación, la información)
- nationnación
- actionacción
- informationinformación
- educationeducación
- stationestación
- attentionatención
- solutionsolución
- revolutionrevolución
- traditiontradición
- emotionemoción
- protectionprotección
- populationpoblación
- directiondirección
- creationcreación
- situationsituación
- operationoperación
- celebrationcelebración
- conversationconversación
- communicationcomunicación
- cooperationcooperación
- decorationdecoración
- determinationdeterminación
- discussiondiscusión
- exhibitionexhibición
- explorationexploración
- explanationexplicación
- generationgeneración
- imaginationimaginación
- invitationinvitación
- nutritionnutrición
- organisationorganización
- positionposición
- relationrelación
- preparationpreparación
Watch out: these don't follow the pattern
- destinationdestino
-ty → -dad / -tad300+ words
Words ending in -ty in English become -dad or -tad in Spanish.
Note: These words are always feminine (la universidad, la libertad)
- universityuniversidad
- cityciudad
- libertylibertad
- qualitycalidad
- realityrealidad
- societysociedad
- communitycomunidad
- identityidentidad
- activityactividad
- securityseguridad
- quantitycantidad
- possibilityposibilidad
- difficultydificultad
- personalitypersonalidad
- electricityelectricidad
- nationalitynacionalidad
- curiositycuriosidad
- priorityprioridad
- authorityautoridad
- capacitycapacidad
- charitycaridad
- clarityclaridad
- complexitycomplejidad
- diversitydiversidad
- eternityeternidad
- facilityfacilidad
- humanityhumanidad
- intensityintensidad
- localitylocalidad
- necessitynecesidad
- obesityobesidad
- opportunityoportunidad
- popularitypopularidad
Watch out: these don't follow the pattern
- majoritymayoría
- minorityminoría
-ous → -oso / -osa200+ words
Words ending in -ous in English become -oso (masculine) or -osa (feminine) in Spanish.
Note: These are adjectives that must agree in gender (-o for masculine, -a for feminine)
- famousfamoso/a
- deliciousdelicioso/a
- nervousnervioso/a
- generousgeneroso/a
- curiouscurioso/a
- furiousfurioso/a
- preciousprecioso/a
- religiousreligioso/a
- dangerouspeligroso/a
- gloriousglorioso/a
- mysteriousmisterioso/a
- ambitiousambicioso/a
- anxiousansioso/a
- cautiouscauteloso/a
- contagiouscontagioso/a
- enviousenvidioso/a
- harmoniousarmonioso/a
- luxuriouslujoso/a
- melodiousmelodioso/a
- monstrousmonstruoso/a
- mountainousmontañoso/a
- porousporoso/a
- rigorousriguroso/a
- spaciousespacioso/a
- studiousestudioso/a
- tedioustedioso/a
- victoriousvictorioso/a
- vigorousvigoroso/a
Watch out: these don't follow the pattern
- graciouscortés
- nutritiousnutritivo/a
- obviousobvio/a
- previousprevio/a
- ridiculousridículo/a
- tremendoustremendo/a
- variousvarios/as
-al → -al250+ words
Words ending in -al are often identical in both languages.
Note: Watch for minor spelling differences (like "especial" vs "special")
- normalnormal
- animalanimal
- naturalnatural
- specialespecial
- internationalinternacional
- nationalnacional
- personalpersonal
- centralcentral
- locallocal
- generalgeneral
- musicalmusical
- finalfinal
- regionalregional
- culturalcultural
- traditionaltradicional
- emotionalemocional
- brutalbrutal
- capitalcapital
- casualcasual
- colonialcolonial
- commercialcomercial
- criminalcriminal
- digitaldigital
- fatalfatal
- festivalfestival
- formalformal
- horizontalhorizontal
- hospitalhospital
- illegalilegal
- imperialimperial
- industrialindustrial
- legallegal
- liberalliberal
- materialmaterial
- mentalmental
-ble → -ble150+ words
Words ending in -ble are usually identical or very similar.
Note: Some words like "comfortable" have completely different forms (cómodo)
- possibleposible
- impossibleimposible
- incredibleincreíble
- terribleterrible
- horriblehorrible
- responsibleresponsable
- probableprobable
- visiblevisible
- flexibleflexible
- acceptableaceptable
- accessibleaccesible
- adorableadorable
- agreeableagradable
- compatiblecompatible
- considerableconsiderable
- convertibleconvertible
- crediblecreíble
- desirabledeseable
- disposabledesechable
- durabledurable
- ediblecomestible
- favourablefavorable
- formidableformidable
- indispensableindispensable
- inimitableinimitable
- legiblelegible
- memorablememorable
- notablenotable
- reasonablerazonable
- reversiblereversible
Watch out: these don't follow the pattern
- comfortablecómodo
- capablecapaz
- portableportátil
- sensiblesensato/a
- valuablevalioso
-ent → -ente180+ words
Words ending in -ent in English become -ente in Spanish.
Note: These can be adjectives or nouns. Some exceptions like "ancient" = "antiguo"
- differentdiferente
- urgenturgente
- presentpresente
- recentreciente
- intelligentinteligente
- evidentevidente
- excellentexcelente
- patientpaciente
- continentcontinente
- frequentfrecuente
- absentausente
- accidentaccidente
- adolescentadolescente
- agentagente
- ardentardiente
- clientcliente
- coherentcoherente
- competentcompetente
- componentcomponente
- consistentconsistente
- convenientconveniente
- currentcorriente
- decentdecente
- deficientdeficiente
- dependentdependiente
- efficienteficiente
- equivalentequivalente
- fluorescentfluorescente
- imminentinminente
- incidentincidente
- independentindependiente
- ingredientingrediente
- innocentinocente
- permanentpermanente
Watch out: these don't follow the pattern
- ancientantiguo
-ant → -ante120+ words
Words ending in -ant in English become -ante in Spanish.
Note: Watch for false friends like "pregnant" which is "embarazada" not "pregnante"
- importantimportante
- elegantelegante
- restaurantrestaurante
- distantdistante
- instantinstante
- abundantabundante
- arrogantarrogante
- brilliantbrillante
- constantconstante
- dominantdominante
- elephantelefante
- extravagantextravagante
- fragrantfragante
- giantgigante
- ignorantignorante
- immigrantinmigrante
- intolerantintolerante
- militantmilitante
- mutantmutante
- participantparticipante
- redundantredundante
- relevantrelevante
- stimulantestimulante
- toleranttolerante
- triumphanttriunfante
- vacantvacante
- variantvariante
- vibrantvibrante
- vigilantvigilante
Watch out: these don't follow the pattern
- pleasantplacentero
- pregnantembarazada
- reluctantreacio
- significantsignificativo
-ly → -mente400+ words
Adverbs ending in -ly in English become -mente in Spanish.
Note: Form these by taking the feminine adjective and adding -mente (e.g., rápida → rápidamente)
- normallynormalmente
- completelycompletamente
- totallytotalmente
- perfectlyperfectamente
- reallyrealmente
- absolutelyabsolutamente
- finallyfinalmente
- exactlyexactamente
- obviouslyobviamente
- personallypersonalmente
- currentlyactualmente
- apparentlyaparentemente
- basicallybásicamente
- certainlyciertamente
- clearlyclaramente
- constantlyconstantemente
- correctlycorrectamente
- definitelydefinitivamente
- directlydirectamente
- easilyfácilmente
- effectivelyefectivamente
- especiallyespecialmente
- essentiallyesencialmente
- eventuallyfinalmente
- evidentlyevidentemente
- extremelyextremadamente
- fortunatelyafortunadamente
- frequentlyfrecuentemente
- generallygeneralmente
- honestlyhonestamente
- immediatelyinmediatamente
- incrediblyincreíblemente
- naturallynaturalmente
- particularlyparticularmente
- probablyprobablemente
-ism → -ismo100+ words
Words ending in -ism in English become -ismo in Spanish.
Note: These are all masculine nouns (el turismo, el capitalismo)
- tourismturismo
- capitalismcapitalismo
- optimismoptimismo
- pessimismpesimismo
- realismrealismo
- romanticismromanticismo
- journalismperiodismo
- socialismsocialismo
- alcoholismalcoholismo
- Buddhismbudismo
- communismcomunismo
- cynicismcinismo
- despotismdespotismo
- euphemismeufemismo
- extremismextremismo
- fanaticismfanatismo
- fascismfascismo
- feminismfeminismo
- humanismhumanismo
- idealismidealismo
- imperialismimperialismo
- individualismindividualismo
- liberalismliberalismo
- magnetismmagnetismo
- materialismmaterialismo
- mechanismmecanismo
- modernismmodernismo
- nationalismnacionalismo
- organismorganismo
- patriotismpatriotismo
Watch out: these don't follow the pattern
- atheismateísmo
- criticismcrítica
- egoismegoísmo
- heroismheroísmo
- plagiarismplagio
-ist → -ista90+ words
Words ending in -ist in English become -ista in Spanish.
Note: These words can be masculine or feminine depending on the person (el/la artista)
- artistartista
- dentistdentista
- touristturista
- pianistpianista
- journalistperiodista
- capitalistcapitalista
- socialistsocialista
- activistactivista
- anarchistanarquista
- antagonistantagonista
- Buddhistbudista
- communistcomunista
- conformistconformista
- cyclistciclista
- extremistextremista
- fascistfascista
- feministfeminista
- fundamentalistfundamentalista
- guitaristguitarrista
- humanisthumanista
- idealistidealista
- imperialistimperialista
- individualistindividualista
- machinistmaquinista
- materialistmaterialista
- modernistmodernista
- motoristautomovilista
- nationalistnacionalista
- naturalistnaturalista
- novelistnovelista
- optimistoptimista
- pessimistpesimista
Watch out: these don't follow the pattern
- atheistateo/a
- egoistegoísta
- enthusiastentusiasta
-ive → -ivo / -iva140+ words
Words ending in -ive in English become -ivo or -iva in Spanish.
Note: Watch for exceptions like "expensive" = "caro" not "expensivo"
- activeactivo/a
- negativenegativo/a
- positivepositivo/a
- attractiveatractivo/a
- creativecreativo/a
- defensivedefensivo/a
- offensiveofensivo/a
- excessiveexcesivo/a
- productiveproductivo/a
- progressiveprogresivo/a
- aggressiveagresivo/a
- alternativealternativo/a
- collectivecolectivo/a
- comparativecomparativo/a
- competitivecompetitivo/a
- comprehensiveexhaustivo/a
- constructiveconstructivo/a
- cooperativecooperativo/a
- decorativedecorativo/a
- destructivedestructivo/a
- distinctivedistintivo/a
- effectiveefectivo/a
- exclusiveexclusivo/a
- executiveejecutivo/a
- explosiveexplosivo/a
- extensiveextensivo/a
- imaginativeimaginativo/a
- inclusiveinclusivo/a
- informativeinformativo/a
- intensiveintensivo/a
- massivemasivo/a
- objectiveobjetivo/a
Watch out: these don't follow the pattern
- conservativeconservador/a
- expensivecaro/a
- impressiveimpresionante
-ary → -ario / -aria80+ words
Words ending in -ary in English become -ario or -aria in Spanish.
Note: Watch for false friends like "library" = "biblioteca" not "librería"
- necessarynecesario/a
- ordinaryordinario/a
- contrarycontrario/a
- voluntaryvoluntario/a
- primaryprimario/a
- secondarysecundario/a
- dictionarydiccionario
- salarysalario
- vocabularyvocabulario
- adversaryadversario
- anniversaryaniversario
- arbitraryarbitrario/a
- commentarycomentario
- extraordinaryextraordinario/a
- honoraryhonorario/a
- imaginaryimaginario/a
- inventoryinventario
- legendarylegendario/a
- literaryliterario/a
- monetarymonetario/a
- revolutionaryrevolucionario/a
- sanctuarysantuario
- secretarysecretario/a
- solitarysolitario/a
Watch out: these don't follow the pattern
- librarybiblioteca
- auxiliaryauxiliar
- boundaryfrontera
- contemporarycontemporáneo/a
- customaryacostumbrado/a
- elementaryelemental
- militarymilitar
- missionarymisionero/a
- preliminarypreliminar
- summaryresumen
- temporarytemporal
Tips for using cognates
Start with what you know
When speaking, think of the English word first, then apply the pattern transformation.
Watch for false friends
"Embarazada" means "pregnant" not "embarrassed". "Actual" means "current" not "actual".
Mind the gender
Most -ción and -dad words are feminine (la). Most -ismo words are masculine (el). See gender of nouns.
Practise pronunciation
Spelling is similar but pronunciation differs. Use the audio buttons to hear correct Spanish.
Combine patterns
"Internationally" becomes "internacionalmente" using both the -al and -ly patterns (more on -mente in adverb formation).